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Active Directory Security. Microsoft EMET 5. Jan 27 A fact that is often forgotten or misunderstood , is that most objects and their attributes can be viewed read by authenticated users most often, domain users. There is a lot of data that can be gathered from Active Directory which can be used to update documentation or to recon the environment for the next attack stages. Attacks frequently start with a spear-phishing email to one or more users enabling the attacker to get their code running on a computer inside the target network.
This post shows how an attacker can recon the Active Directory environment with just domain user rights. Many people are surprised when they learn how much information can be gathered from AD without elevated rights. I have covered using.
NET commands here. Name : lab. Forest : lab. SourceName : lab. There is no reasonable mitigation. This information can not and should not be obfuscated or hidden.
This enables the attacker to discover all SQL servers, Exchange servers, etc. Note: In order to discover all enteprise services, target both computers and users service accounts. There is no mitigation. Service Principal Names are required for Kerberos to work.
SPN Scanning will discover all enterprise services supporting Kerberos. Some enterprise applications that store data in the domain System container include:.
Every computer that joins Active Directory has an associated computer account in AD. When the computer is joined, there are several attributes associated with this computer object that are updated, several of which are quite useful. These include:. There are two effective methods for discovering accounts with elevated rights in Active Directory. The first is the standard group enumeration method which identifies all members of the standard Active Directory admin groups: Domain Admins, Administrators, Enterprise Admins, etc.
Expect attackers to know more about what accounts have elevated rights to important resources. These email addresses are created as contact objects in Active Directory. CanonicalName : lab. The only mitigation is to not place contact objects in Active Directory which may no bet an option. FGPP over-rides the domain password policy settings and can be used to require stricter password policies or enable less-restrictive settings for a subset of domain users.
PowerView has incorporated this functionality HarmJ0y beat me to it! Group Policy provides the ability, via Restricted Groups, to enforce local group membership such as the Administrators groups on all computers in an OU.
This can be tracked back by identifying the GPOs that are using restricted groups and the OUs they are applied to. This provides the AD groups that have admin rights and the associated list of computers. Using a few PowerShell commands, we are able to identify what AD groups are configured via GPO with full admin rights on computers in the domain.
The only mitigation is to remove Domain Users from being able to read the GPOs that manage local groups. Only computers in the domain require the ability to read and process these GPOs. Note that once an attacker gains admin rights on a single computer in the domain, they can use the computer account to read the GPO.
Microsoft AppLocker can be used to limit application execution to specific approved applications. There are several difference phases I recommend for AppLocker:. The issue is that AppLocker is configured via Group Policy, which is often kept at the default which enables all domain users the ability to read the configuration. Enterprises often use Group Policy to configure EMET, which is often kept at the default which enables all domain users the ability to read the configuration. LAPS adds two new attributes to the AD computer object, one to store the local Admin password and one to track the last time the password was changed.
In order for the password to be usable by an admin, read access to the ms-Mcs-AdmPwd needs to be delegated. This delegation can be identified by enumerating the security ACLs on the attribute. These are only a few of the interesting data items which can be easily gathered from Active Directory as a domain user.
Expect an attacker to gain a foothold in your enterprise and adjust current strategies accordingly. Note : W hile I have some scripts that perform many of these actions already, they are not ready for sharing. At some point in fhe future, I may be able to share these. I improve security for enterprises around the world working for TrimarcSecurity.
Find out how Script samples are provided for informational purposes only and no guarantee is provided as to functionality or suitability. The views shared on this blog reflect those of the authors and do not represent the views of any companies mentioned. Content Ownership: All content posted here is intellectual work and under the current law, the poster owns the copyright of the article. Made with by Graphene Themes. Toggle search form Search for:. Get Active Directory Information I have covered using.
Forest]::GetCurrentForest Name : lab. Domain]::GetCurrentDomain Forest : lab. GlobalCatalogs Forest : lab. Mitigation: There is no reasonable mitigation. Identify Admin Accounts There are two effective methods for discovering accounts with elevated rights in Active Directory.
Mitigation: There is no mitigation. Identify Microsoft AppLocker Settings Microsoft AppLocker can be used to limit application execution to specific approved applications. There are several difference phases I recommend for AppLocker: Phase 1: Audit Mode — audit all execution by users and the path they were run from.
This logging mode provides information on what programs are run in the enterprise and this data is logged to the event log. This ensures that only approved organization applications will execute. Visited 55, times, 19 visits today. Sean Metcalf I improve security for enterprises around the world working for TrimarcSecurity. Trimarc helps enterprises improve their security posture.
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